Maxime Gauin

“Inquisitorial, liberticidal and obscurantist” said Josselin de Rohan, then Chairman of the Foreign Affairs Committee in the French Senate, on May 4, 2011. The first censorship bill regarding the Armenian issue was rejected by an overwhelming majority of senators. For purely electoral reasons, Nicolas Sarkozy oversaw the vote of a similar, new bill on December 22. The text was presented by Marseille’s Deputy Valérie Boyer. The text was adopted, against the opinion of most French editorialists, from the social-democrat Jean Daniel to the conservative YvanRioufol, who are hostile to the draft, against the statements of prominent French historians including Pierre Nora, and also against the hostility of the Minister of Foreign Affairs Alain Juppé and “discontentment” of the Minister of Interior Claude Guéant.

Sevan Ince

The other night, we four Armenian friends were out from our Clubhouse and enjoying our water pipes at Galatasaray. The conversation turned around and came to the known topic. I sensed that every one is troubled on the same subject. How would you make this heard to the world as a Turk with Armenian origin being a simple citizen of Turkey? . .

You are not a reputed artist, politician or president of some association that others would extend the microphone to you for an interview. You are not a columnist, so that you can make your ideas heard from your newspaper corner. All is fine, but we are fed up with this affair. Other persons speak in our place, knowing or having no idea.

On one side say that “there was a genocide made to Armenians” and on the other side they say “there is no genocide”. Now the latest fashion is those who say, “let us leave it to historians”. I just look to those who say that there was a genocide committed, and I see that they are either diaspora members full of hatred and grudge or politicians, who have a benefit from the matter. I look at those who say “there was no genocide” and I see that they have no deep knowledge, but refuse it as a habit. Moreover, speaking of historians, for God’s sake, what are they going to find out? Can be there a document of genocide? If a document is found by accident, a counter document is found and the argument continues to nowhere.

The truth is known by me and others like me, but no others! We are persons who heard the incidents from the first hand. We are Turkish Armenians. The Turkish Armenians bear a great difference from the Outside Armenians! We are the grand children of those Armenians who stayed in Turkey during the relocation or those who came back. We did not hear only one type of stories. Diaspora Armenians know only stories of death. They did not come back and did not see the embarrassed faces of their neighbors. They accuse only Turks for these deaths, they name all as genocide. But Turkish Armenians have many other different stories.

For example, my grandfather was telling how his elder brother was taken from his farm in Erzincan and that he had to pay a donkey-load of gold to a corporal as ransom to save him. None of them, the gold or brother came back! My grandmother was telling how the youngsters of the village were gathered, given arms and made revolutionist gangs. Persons who spoke foreign language gave their uniforms.

My grandfather used to tell in cries about the Ottoman Captain Sinan, who did his utmost to save all his family in Kayseri. Thanks to the captain, none in the family was ever hurt. We listened to stories of bloodshed, but we also heard of the Turks who lied in front of the Turkish soldiers to save his Armenian friend carried away, or the neighboring Turks who opened their arms when the relocated persons returned home.

Therefore, I say let them ask us. No one can be more objective than us. This story has a long version explanation and a short one. The short one is as follows:

A portion of the community was mislead by imperialist powers and fought for separation. The Ottoman government was angered and took decision for relocation. This relocation was carried under the difficult conditions prevailing at that time. The exiles were carried in various manners, and helpless persons, children suffered and died. These deaths were because of epidemics and hunger. There was no organized killing made by Ottoman soldiers. The deaths out of the epidemics are separate individual cases, and were done by the robbers of the region, to get hold of the gold in possession of the people being marched. It is a matter of debate if the Ottoman army fighting on several fronts, had enough soldiers to avoid the murders during the marches. Under the circumstances and given the fact that Armenians living in the western parts of the country never had such sufferings, this cannot be called a genocide. You can give other names, but none can be named “genocide”. Furthermore, the number of 1.5 million does not signify the number of deaths, but the number of losses.

We Turkish Armenians know pretty well that Anatolia is full of Armenians who became Moslem, during or after these incidents. These persons, when they became free later, did not return to their own religion and since they hide their past, they were put in the column of those lost. This is the short explanation.

If one has to speak, we can speak and tell them the long version of the incidents. There can be no other historians better than us!. As regards the French, they should chew musty cheese.

Sevan İnce

(Note: This letter was left by Sevan İnce, before he committed suicide, because his business went bad).

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Translated from Taraf Newspaper, 26.1.09

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Resource: Armenian Genocide Resource Center http://armenians-1915.blogspot.com/2009/02/2739-death-announcement-of-sevan-ince.html

The Young Turks started as a Radio Talk Show ten years ago and continued as online TV. The show later moved to CNBCE, but was cancelled due to his harsh criticism of the developments in the political arena. His show appears daily on Current TV which is repeated several times each day.

The 10^th anniversary program covered several current topics and opened with an interview with Andrew Breitbart, a conservative activist and publisher (biggovernment.com), where a heated debate took place on the activities of the “Occupy Wall Street Movement.” At times, both talking simultaneously, Andrew accused Cenk and liberals that they were presenting the Tea Party as a terrorist organization, and at times Andrew referring to Cenk Uygur as a terrorist looking guy. There were a lot of accusations back and forth on the “Occupy Movement” as well, with videos from demonstrations, which was difficult to follow. In fact, during the show on the following day, Cenk Uygur stated that the interview with Andrew was the longest ever (13 minutes) where Andrew spoke the most, with all kinds of comments, and accusation on the sexual conduct of the movement participants, quite unusual to say the least.

The second topic of discussion was on the GOP presidential race and Rick Sontorum’s surge in the polls. There were several comments on Santorum’s political life and a video on his confrontation with the “Occupy movement”. There were also discussions on Mitt Romney’s ad campaigns.

The use of Drones by the US military in foreign countries which has resulted in the death of many innocent people was also discussed followed with “drum-beat for war with Iran.” Commenting on the extensive coverage of the Iranian threats against America, Cenk stated that all Iran said was that they would retaliate if they are attacked. Contacted by phone, an expert on the Iranian situation, Glenn Greenwald presented a long analysis from Rio the Janerio and referred to NBC’s broadcast demanding protection for the world from an Iranian attack.

The final topic was a discussion on the payroll tax proposal, argued by 3 members of “Power Pane” from Andy Kroll from “Mother Jones”, Elise Foley from “Huffington Post’ and Ari Berman, author of “Herding Donkeys”, individuals usually not seen on the main media. (The proposal became law the following day).

The show ended with a celebration of the 10^th anniversary with scenes from earlier programs and some insight into what they will be doing during the next ten years, including perhaps a trip to the Bahamas for the staff.

Yuksel Oktay, Washington Township, NJ. 15 February 2012

Cenk Kadir Uygur (Turkish pronunciation: [ˈdʒɛŋk ˈujɡur]; born March 21, 1970), is the main host and co-founder of the progressive^[2] Internet and talk radio show, The Young Turks (TYT).^[3][4] A naturalized U.S. citizen, Uygur was born in Turkey and raised from age eight in the United States. He worked as an attorney in Washington D.C. and New York before beginning his career as a political commentator. Originally a moderate Republican, he has since become a staunch critic of the Republican Party and has adopted more progressive and liberal views.^[5][6]

In addition to hosting TYT, Uygur appeared on MSNBC as a political commentator in 2010, later hosting a weeknight commentary show on the channel for nearly six months—until the time slot was given to Al Sharpton.^[7] Shortly after leaving MSNBC, Uygur secured a show on Current TV that began airing on December 5, 2011 before Countdown with Keith Olbermann.^[8]

There is a vague reference in history that attributes the beginning of this custom to Sultan Selim I (Yavuz or Grim, 1512-1520). There may be some truth to that as all of his wars were against the Arabs (Memluks) or Persians (Safavids). He also brought Khilafet to the Ottomans from Egypt in 1516. One of Istanbul’s imperial mosques, the world famous Sultan Ahmed Mosque (Blue Mosque) was completed in 1616, and during its dedication ceremony the Ottoman sultan Ahmed I (1603-1617) initiated a custom of stringing oil lamps (Kandil) high in the air among the six minarets. This type of illumination is called “Mahya”. Kandil is a generic term that refers to the above four special events, it is a reference to those illuminations. Nowadays, however, the oil lamps have been replaced by electric bulbs. Those Mahyas occasionally spell out greetings and goodwill messages which could be seen at nights from everywhere. These illuminations are made throughout Ramadan also. The most popular message is “HOS GELDIN YA MUBAREK RAMAZAN” (Welcome, O Sacred  Ramadan). Those lights remain the entire month of celebration, including the Feast of Ramadan, the three-day observance marking the end of the fasting.

Lately, those Kandil celebrations have come under scrutiny. The contemporary scholarship claims that they did not exist during the time of Muhammed. There is no reference to such customs in the Holy Qur’an either. Also, during the period of the four Khalifs (Rashidun) who ruled after Muhammed, no such tradition was ever observed.  Later on, as the Muslim community started to grow, it has become more diverse, and to control the masses and bringing them into submission presented a challenge for the rulers. The Ulama came up with the idea of using religious observances to control the masses. The mosques have always been a perfect setting for the rulers to showcase their power. People are attracted to mosques where they are made subject to a massive brain-washing. They are induced to turn to their inner world with the inspiration of the ever-present heavenly fear. In the imposing atmosphere of the mosque the collective sub-conscious becomes imbued with the supremacy and the Might of the God as well as His Regent, the ruler. The serenity of the mosque and the unruffled quietude make the believer mentally ready for initiation into submission and obedience to God.

The devout in the congregate feel humble and diminished. Once people are thus tamed, the allegiance to the ruler is hammered home. The message that comes across is loud and clear. “Obey the God, and obey His shadow on earth,” This is a guided rite of passage into indoctrination and resignation. It all boils down to controlling the masses, and the Kandils have proven perfect medium to achieve this. The real purpose of those observations is political; religion is but a sugar-coating. Then the bottom line is, Kandils are temporal events, and later inventions and accretions to Islam by the clergy; they are not divinely ordained.

In fact, the modern scholars dispute the occasions that putatively gave rise to Kandil celebrations. For instance, they say in an ever-changing Islamic lunar calendar system how reliable is the date of birth of Muhammed, let alone his Conception? How so intimate an event could have been chronicled, and 1500 years ago at that? Besides, how significant is this, and what is its relevance to His holiness? Also, there are question marks about the Mirac Kandil which celebrates His Ascension to Heaven. The legend has it that He mounted a charger called “Burak”, journeyed to “seventh” heaven and met with God. He traveled from Mekka to Jerusalem – on a camel back – and returned on the same night. The distance covered is about 1000 miles, not to mention His vertical journey to Heaven. The modern scholars say these are parables, and today people regard them just fairy tales. Therefore, all the Kandil literatures which we see in print these days are mythical lore, not authentic.

We are living in an age of query. With the onset of the internet age everything is debated and probed, and logical answers are sought. Islam, so far, has remained immune from this brutal dissecting process. Yet, lately some fertile minds (shall we call them “iconoclasts!”) courageously search explanations to age-old taboos in Islam within the framework of reason.

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Pennington, NJ

6th February 2012

Yuksel Oktay

The 3rd National Energy Efficiency Forum and Fair was held  at the WOW Convention Center in İstanbul during the 31st annual Energy Efficiency Week. The Forum, organized by the General Directorate of Renewable Energy of the Ministry of Energy and Natural Resources, and the ‘’Sektörel Fuarcılık’’with the support of many sponsors, including İstanbul Gas Distribution A.Ş. (IGDAŞ), the Ministry of Environment and Urbanization, Ministry of Development, Ministry of Finance, Ministry of Education, Ministry of Forestry and Water Works, Union of Turkish Engineers and Architects Associations (TMMOB), and others. There was no registration fee and the gala diner on Thursday night was also free where even wine and rakı was served while a six member group played and sang Turkish songs, including the favorite ‘’Eski Dostlar – Old Friends’’.

Over 1,000 professionals, bureaucrats, media members, exhibitors and others were among the attendees with standing room only at the opening session which started with the recital of the national anthem and the Turkish flag and image of Atatürk on the overhead screen. Close to 4,000 participants and visitors attended the Forum and the Fair, according to a newspaper article, and close to one hundred companies exhibited their products and services at the fair.

The opening speeches were made by Yusuf Yazar, General Manager of General Directorate of Renewabl Energy, Dr. Kıvanç Dinçer, Deputy Chairman of Scientific and Technological Research Institution of Turkey (TUBITAK), Mehmet Soğanci, Chairman of Union of Chambers of Turkish Engineers and Scientists (TMMOB), Rıfat Hisarcıkoğlu, Chairman of Union of Chambers and Commodity (TOBB), Mahmut Mücahit Fındıklı, Chairman of Turkish Grand National Assembly Industry, Trade, Energy, Natural Resources Information and Technology Commission, and Taner Yıldız, Minister of Energy and Natural Resources. There was a good representation of the energy sector who made important presentations on the present and the future state of Turkish energy sector with international participation.

Yusuf Yazar first reminded the audience that theGeneral Directorate of Renewable Energy was established in 2011, replacing the General Directorate of Electrical Power Resources Survey and Development Administration (EIE) which was founded back in 1934, first as the ‘’Electricification Bureau’’ (at Ataturk’s order). The total installed capacity of electricity in 1923 was 33 MW which has reached to over 53,000 at the end of 2011. Kıvanc Dincer, commenting that he is not from the energy sector and was invited to speak by the Minister of Energy, stated that the United States goal was to reach 50% conservation in the energy sector by 2025. Since Turkey meets most of her energy demands by imports (over 75 %), its goal should also be to conserve energy, which has been set as at least 20% by 2023. One of the areas is the 24 million  refrigerators, which consumes over 17 billion Kw every year, with a recommendation that 15 million of them should be rplaced with more efficient units. Mehmet Sogancı stated that Turkey had a potential to conserve 25% energy by 2023.

Minister of Energy presented information on the oil explorations, which has been increased by 12 fold since 2003 since oil, natural gas and coal will stil be dominant soource until 2050, accounting for 85% of energy need. Taner Yıldız stated that he goal for 2023 is to be among the top 10 largest economies and emphasized the need for building nuclear power plants which will also help in reducing global warming. The Minister also stated that the installed capacity of power plants will need to be doubled by 2023 and, up to now, licences have been issued for 50,000 MW.

The next session was the recognition of high school students who had participated in a competition on energy conservation. The awards to the winners were handed by the Miniser of Energy. This was followed by the opening of the Fair where many world famous companies were exhibiting their products an services. Among these were Siemens, Phillips, Schneider Elektrik, Rehau, Grundfos, Wilo, Osra, Thermaflex. Turkish companies were represented by Arçelik, Demirdöküm, E.C.A, Enve, Friterm, Izocam, TUBITAK MAM, Trakya Cam, Ytong, Viko and others. Civic organizations, such as MUSIAD, Chamber of Mechanical Engineers and many publishing companies also had stands.

There were 15 sessions during the two day forum, many moderated by representatives from the various energy related institutions and members of the Parliament, during which over 50 presentations were made. Everyone emphasized the need to enhance the society’s awareness regarding energy culture and efficiency. The first session, chaired by Deputy Ali Bayramoglu, was on ‘’Turkey’s Energy Efficiency Strategies and Legislation’’ where one of the speakers was Michael E. Koszalka, a US consultant on energy efficiency. This was followed by second session on ‘’Industrial energy efficiency strategies’’ where Ronald Vermeeren from Netherland spoke about long term agreements for increasing efficiency in industry.

The third session was on the ‘’role of local governments in energy efficiency’’ where one of the presenters, Aynur Acar from Union of Municipalities of Marmara, was asked what concrete actions were taken for accomplishing energy efficiency, which she responded with several examples, such as placing insulations on the outside of exsting buildings.The fourth session, chaired by Dr. Selahattin Çimen from MENR, covered ‘’Turkey’s Renewable Energy policies, legislation, action plans and environmental impact.’’ These were followed by sessions on financing mechanisms, energy efficiency strategies in buildings and the transportation sector. A ‘’Proceedings Book’’ with presentations was distributed to all participants.

On Friday, the Prime Minister Recep Tayip Erdogan delivered a speech at 15:00 PM, emphasizing the importance of energy efficiency and conserbvation. The Prime Minister also presented  awards to companies selected for their contributon to energy efficiency, including Arçelik, Vestel, Koç and others. Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdoğan criticized the main opposition Republican People’s Party (CHP) for creating a fuss over an investigation launched against its leader, accusing the CHP chairman of wanting to be a hero and likening him to fictional knight Don Quixote. The Prime Minister took advantage of the Forum and made remarks about the ongoing debate an ‘’Felzeke’’. He said: “We are working to produce energy from wind, but they are fighting with windmills. You see, they are creating a fuss over a probe. … They are now after cheap heroism. … Sorry, but this investigation can bring no heroism. … The imaginary world of that famous novel hero Don Quixote is not even as rich as that of [Kemal] Kılıçdaroğlu. It is not even certain what he is fighting with,”

All in all, this was an excellent Forum and Fair organized by Sektörel Fuarcılık in an efficient manner.

An international energy conference has also been held in Abu Dabi, ‘’World Energy Future Summit’’ last week where the UN General Secretay Ban Ki Moon and Wen Jiabao, the Prime Minister of China have also attended. According to Gila Benmayor in her Hurriyet column (17 jan 2012), very few from Turkey have attended the Summit although the main theme was Renewable Energy. Among the 26,000 attending the Summit were Meltem Çakıcı, Turhan Turhangil, Göktuğ Gür and Cihan Karamık from Turkey.

Yüksel Oktay, Energy Consultant, Washington, NJ, USA

İstanbul, 18 January 2012

Dr. Polat Kaya

A friend asked the meaning of the word KAVAL in Turkish.  To this my first response was that it meant “flute” in Turkish. But when she explained that it was the Indo-European word KAVAL meaning “horse” and what was my view about it, then, the story was changed completely and my view of this word and some other related words makes up the paper below.

First, we must note that although words may look alike in format does not necessarily mean that they are related to each other or one is derived from the other or both are coming from the same “root” word. The important linguistic element that determines the identity of a word is the meaning that has been assigned to it. Any comparison of two two words that look alike must be examined together with their meanings in order to make any  judgment abouth their linguistic relations.

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There seems to be a number of forms of this so called “Indo-European” (IE) word “KAVAL” meaning “horse” such as:

Latin “caballus“, Italian “cavallo” and sometimes  “caval“,  French “cheval“, etc. The speakers of such languages naturally think that this word is one of the original words of their languages which they speak from childhood onwards.  Of course, this assumption is a natural for them, as they do not study to learn how the words of their languages were made up.  Most people do not stop to think about such matters. However one expects that  at least some of the linguists would study such matters.  I have done such study intensively and I will now explain the nature of the make up of this word “kaval, cavallo, caballlus, cheval“.

Actually, these IE words that mean “horse” have their meaning taken from another word known as “AT” in Turkish meaning “horse“.  At this popint I can hear the the “no!, not so!” objections from the readers. But let me explaine.  This is so well camouflaged that the term AT is not even visible anymore in most IE words related to “KAVAL”in IE languages. However, we still have a few related words that give away their secrets. Some of them are:  French “chevalet, chevalement, chevaleresquement”, Italian “cavalcata, cavaletta”. Let us examine the following “horse” related words.

1. There is the French word CHEVALET which means “a horse, a horse like supporting stand.  Origin: 1800–10;  any wooden frame for holding or supporting something, equivalent to cheval  horse (< Latin caballus ) + -et -et;  compare parallel sense of horse“.  A similar French word is the word CHEVALEMENT which means “cheval, chevalerie”.

The French word CHEVALEMENT, when rearranged as “MEN-EVCHEL-AT”, I find that this so-called French word CHEVALEMENT is actually an altered, restructured and Frenchized form of the Turkish expression  “MEN EVCIL AT” meaning “I am domesticated horse”, that is, “I am tamed horse”.  So this is original concept represented by the word CHEVALEMENT.   In this Turkish expression, Turkish word MEN means “I am”, EVCIL means “domesticated, tamed” and AT means “horse”.

The French word CHEVAL is just the cut off front end of the larger term CHEVALEMENT giving the false impression that “cheval” is the root of the word which in fact it is not!  We must note that the “horse” concept has been taken from Turkish AT and then, allocated to CHEVAL in this construction.  This is concept stealing linguistic trick used to transfer the meaning of a word of another language and giving it to a newly concocted word.  Of course, in the process of fabrication of  the word CHEVALEMENT, the concept “domesticated” (tamed) expressed by the Turkish words  “MEN EVCIL” disappeared altogether while it gave its verbal body to the newly fabricated word “CHEVAL” at the same time the meaning “horse” of the Turkish word “AT” was transfered to “CHEVAL“.  This is linguistic version of the “three shell game” played by those with a fast hand trick.

We must also note that a monosyllable word AT meaning “horse” taken from the monosyllabic language of Turkish cannot be hidden readily.  The only alteration that a linguist can do to it is just reverse it to the form of TA in which the meaning “horse” would still be visible.  The only way to hide the stealing is to wrap the the term AT with some other Turkish words.  Linguistically, wrapping one word with another one or more words makes the altering and restructuring and hiding of the Turkish phrases much easier and thus, the resulting fabricated word becomes readily alienated, Aryanized, Indo-Europeanized and not recognizable as Turkish anymore.  In this restructuring, the term “MEN EVCIL”  in the the Turkish expression “MEN EVCIL AT” is the linguistic wrapping part in order to hide away the Turkish word ‘AT’ meaning “horse”.

And that is the trick that the makers of the so-called “Indo-European” languages used in fabricating countless number of words from Turkish language.  After all stealing Turkish words and phrases was not like stealing physical valuables of people.  When Turkish words and phrases are stolen and used to make up IE words, no one notices since there is no missing word in Turkish. This invisibility makes the thief quite happy and at ease!

We must also note that one can ride only on the back of the “domesticated “, that is, the “tamed” horse only”.  No self respecting wild horse will let a joker ride on its back!

***

2.   The French word CHEVALERESQUE  means “chivalrous, knightly, like a knight, like a horseman-soldier who was raised to a high military position”.  The adverbial form of this French word is given as CHEVALERESQUEMENT meaning “like a horseman-soldier who was raised to a high military position.  (de façon chevaleresque, conforme a l’esprit de chevalerie)”.  Seu url link: http://dictionary.reverso.net/french-definition/chevaleresquement

The French word CHEVALERESQUEMENT, when rearranged letter-by-letter as “MEN-EVCHELE-AT- ESQERU”, I find that this so-called French word CHEVALERESQUEMENT is actually an altered, restructured and Frenchized form of the Turkish expression  “MEN EVCİL AT ESKERÜ” (MEN EVCİL AT ASKERİ) meaning “I am domesticated horse soldier”. So, this is the original concept in Turkish that is represented by the word CHEVALERESQUEMENT.

In this Turkish expression, Turkish word MEN means “I, I am”, EVCİL means “domesticated, tamed” and AT means “horse”,  ASKER means “soldier”, ASKERİ means “the soldier”.

In the French alteration and restructuring of this Turkish expression into CHEVALERESQUEMENT, the meaning of the Turkish has been redistributed among different parts of the new French word such that the front part CHEVAL gets the meaning of “horse”, and the part CHEVALERESQUE becomes the “horse-soldier”.  The remainder of the Turkish souce text forms the rest of the newly fabricated word CHEVALERESQUEMENT. In this way this newly fabricated word gets an alien Frenchise form with a complete meaning associeted with it, but all of has been taken from Turkish without anyone knowing about it.

3.   Curiously, this French word CHEVALERESQUE, meaning “chivalrous, knightly, like a knight, like a horseman-soldier”, has another relevant Turkish word hidden in its form.  We see it as follows:

The French word CHEVALERESQUE, when rearranged letter-by-letter as “SUVARECELEQ-EH”, I find that this so-called French word CHEVALERESQUE has also the Turkish expression “SÜVARİCİLİK” meaning “the profession of cavalry, the profession of knighthod”. This is again a correspondence which agrees totally meaning as well.  This indicates the power of durability of the Turkish language showing that no matter how its words and expressions are confused and restructured into other formats, it will retain its original intended meanings in Turkish within the new format. And they can be recovered back into Turkish if the meanings of the newly fabricated word is given.

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4.   There is the Italian word “CAVALCATA” meaning “riding on horseback” as if there is another part of a horse that one can ride.  When this word CAVALCATA is rearranged letter-by-letter as “AVCAL-ATC”, we find that it is the altered and restructured and renamed form of the of the Turkish expression ” EVCIL ATCı” meaning  “domesticated horse rider” (tamed horse rider) where Turkish word “EVCIL” means “domesticated, tamed”, “AT” means “horse” and ATCI means “horse rider; horse owner”.

But we must note that in this fabrication of a word from Turkish, the newly built word CAVALCATA has been renamed as meaning “riding on horseback” where the word CAVAL is presented with the false impression as if it is the word that gives the meaning “horse” to the word “CAVALCATA” and the rest is just some addition that makes the word to mean “riding on horseback”.  Yet no one knows the fact that this word CAVAL (KAVAL) has taken its meaning from Turkish word AT!

With these analyses given above, we have shown that the term French word CHEVAL and the Italian word CAVAL (KAVAL) get their meaning of “horse” from Turkish “AT“.

5.  There is the Italian expression CAVALLO DA CORSA meaning “race horse”.

The expression CAVALLO DA CORSA, rearranged as “AL-ARACLO-COSV-AD”, the altered and restructured form of the Turkish expression “AL ARAÇLU KOŞU ATI” meaning “race horse with red chariot”.

The Turkish words AL means “red”,  AT means “horse”, KOŞU means “race”, KOŞU ATI means “race horse”, ARAÇ (ARABA) means “vehicle, chariot”, ARAÇLU (ARABALI) means “with vehicle, with chariot”

Again, we have all elements of the decipherment in Turkish defined and shown how the Italian expression CAVALLO DA CORSA means “race horse”.

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6.   The latin word CABALLUS or CABALLI also means “horse“ö but we see that the letter T representıng the Turkısh word AT has been dropped for further camouflage. In this regard we have the following Latin word to analyse.

Although, I did not find it in dictionaries, I believe that in the Latin language, there must have been a word in the form of CABALLITER which would be equivalent to the Latin word EQUESTER meaning “equestrian, mounted on horse; horseman, cavalry”.  This word would also be similar to the Latin word CABALLARIUS meaning “a military man serving on horseback, horseman, rider”.

With this background information, when the term “CABALLITER“, meaning “horseman, horse soldier, rider“, is rearranged letter-by-letter as “EBCIL-ATLA-R”, we find that it is the altered and restructured and renamed form of the of the Turkish expression ” EVCIL ATLI eR” meaning  “domesticated horse rider man” (tamed-horse rider, tamed-horse soldier).  This would also explain the Latin word CABALLARIUS,  although the Turkish word AT has been dropped from it.

Turkish word “EVCIL”(EBCIL) means “domesticated, tamed”, “AT” means “horse”, ATLI means “with horse; horse rider; horse owner” and ER means “man, soldier, hero, husband”.

***

7.   The Latin words EQUUS and EQUI are said to mean “horse; steed”.  Similarly, the latin words “equester, equestris, equestre”  mean “equestrian, mounted on horse; of/belonging to/consisting of horseman/cavalry”.

First let us begin with the Latin word EQUESTER (equestrian). When the Latin word EQUESTER is rearranged as “ET-ESQERU”, I find that this word EQUESTER is actually an altered, restructured and Romanized form of the Turkish expression “AT ASKERU” (AT ASKERI) meaning “horse soldier”.

In this Turkish expression, Turkish word AT means “horse“ and  ASKER (ESQER) means “soldier“.

We must note again that in this process the front part EQUES of the newly manufactured word EQUESTER got the meaning of “horse” and the rest got the meaning of “soldier” from Turkish source text!

So again we are witnessing rearrangement of a Turkish expresion into a so-called Latin word that did not exist before the rearrangement of this Turkish expression; and furtheremore, it usurped the Turkish words AT and ASKER and their meanings to come up with the word EQUESTER meaning “horse soldier”.  Any linguist will see that this is pure act of usurpation from Turkish language in concocting artificial languages and claiming them as if they were genuine languages!

8.   Similarly, the English word EQUESTRIAN is from Turkish expression “AT-ESQERAN-U” (AT ASKERLERI O” meaning “it is horse soldiers”.

***

9.   The Greek term KATAPHRAKTOS means “armored cavalry”.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cataphract

“A cataphract was a form of armored heavy cavalry utilised in ancient warfare by a number of peoples in Western Eurasia and the Eurasian Steppe.

The word in English is derived from the Greek: κατάφρακτος Kataphraktos (plural: κατάφρακτοι Kataphraktoi), literally meaning “armored” or “completely enclosed”. Historically the cataphract was a very heavily armored horseman, with both the rider and steed draped from head-to-toe in scale armor, while typically wielding a kontos or lance as their weapon.”

With this background information, the Greek word KATAPHRAKTOS, meaning “heavy cavalry”, has an important message to tell us!

When the Greek word KATAPHRAKTOS, rearranged letter-by-letter as “TORK-AT-ASKAPH” where symbol P is also Greek letter “R”, we find that the Greek word KATAPHRAKTOS is an altered, restructured and Hellenized form of the Turkish expression “TÜRK AT ASKARİ” (TÜRK AT ASKERİ, TÜRK SÜVARİ)  meaning “Turk Horse soldier” or “The Turkish Cavalry”. It is well known fact that “Turk Horse Soldiers” were the rulers of all steppes in the Western Eurasia and the Eurasian Steppes (Asia and Europe put together) in the ancient world. Ancient Greeks, as they did in every aspect of their Greek “civilization” including their language, took everything from the ancient Turanian Tur/Turk/Oguz peoples, altered and claimed as their own.  In this case, evidently they also took the “Turk Horse Soldiers” (The Turkish Cavalry) as their model, and armored their own horse soldiers heavily and called it KATAPHRAKTOS!

Turkish word AT means “horse”, ASKAR (ASKER) means “soldier”.  Additionally, Turkish word SÜVARİ means “cavalry, horse soldier”.

With this, I end this study about the KAVAL (CHEVAL) and their variations.

With best wishes to all,

Polat Kaya

16/01/2012

This ship had an interesting story that relates to the U.S. Navy and the World War II. She was built in 1927 by the Newport News Shipyard in Virginia to serve in Antilles. Her original name was S/S IROQUOIS. Later, the U.S. Navy purchased it to use as a hospital vessel for the U.S. Pacific Fleet, it was renamed S/S SOLACE. In 1941 she was stationed in Oahu, Hawaii.

In the U.S. history there is a “Day if Infamy” in which Japan, on December 7, 1941 attacked Pearl Harbor, the U.S. Naval Base in Honolulu, Hawaii, out of the blue, without any declaration of war, nor any warning. Nine ships of the U.S. Fleet were sunk, 21 ships were severely damaged, and 2,403 Americans were killed, including 68 civilians, 1,282 wounded. In all this turmoil one ship was spared by the Japanese kamikazes, it was S/S SOLACE, because she carried an insignia of red-cross on her deck. She was a hospital vessel; her mission was not to kill, but to save life. Throughout WW II, S/S SOLACE rendered valuable service. She carried 25,000 young men from the war zone to the safety of the mainland. At the end of the war, all those young men who owed their lives to S/S SOLACE formed a society, and created a medallion with a raised picture of her, and carried those medals with pride.

When the time for retirement came for this ship the U.S. Government did not know what to do with her. In those days, the most popular solution for the out-of- service ships was to sell it to a scrap dealer, who dismantled them to make razor blades. However, to sell her for salvage value would be a waste. The economy was struggling to revive. The ship was in good shape and unimpaired as she never took part in active war. With a measure of face-lift she could still have rendered service in the years to come; may be some countries would have been interested in buying her.

In fact, that country turned out to be Turkey. In 1949, The Turkish Maritime Lines showed interest in the ship and purchased her. With some further cosmetic and renovation she was converted to a luxury liner. She was renamed “S/S ANKARA”, and served long years in the Mediterranean, she was a sought after cruise ship not only in Turkey, but in Southern Europe and in the Middle East as well.

In 1981, S/S ANKARA was put out of service, and was sent to Aliaga demolition yard, where she eventually met her destiny; she was converted to razor blades!

Ayhan Ozer 

Pennington, NJ 

January 14, 2012

Figure 3. Closed dome of a Sardinian Nuraghe. This is a magnificent building of the ancient Turanians. The conical (i.e., TEPE) the enterance to the Nuraghe above, with the arch making an outstreched arms, seems to be designed as if a person or a deity in white clothes is guarding the Nuraghe. This person's head is againg a conical "hill" type structure above the arch.Ancient Turanian Shamans used white robes in religious ceremonies. (picture is from http://data.greatbuildings.com/gbc/images/cid_1036316027_DSCN1599.jpg)

The Sardinian NURAGHE or SU NURAGHE:

The Sardinian NURAGHE is defined by the Wikipedia link at  [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuraghe] as follows:

“The nuraghe [nuˈraɡe] (plural Italian nuraghi, Sardinian nuraghes) is the main type of ancient megalithic edifice found in Sardinia. Today it has come to be the symbol of Sardinia and its distinctive culture, the Nuragic civilization. According to the Oxford English Dictionary the etymology is “uncertain and disputed”: “The word is perhaps related to the Sardinian place names Nurra, Nurri, Nurru, and to Sardinian nurra heap of stones, cavity in earth (although these senses are difficult to reconcile). A connection with the Semitic base of Arabic nūr light, fire … is now generally rejected.”[1] The latin word “murus” (wall) may be related to it (M. Pittau, philologist), as the old Italian word “mora” (tombal rock mound), as used by Dante in his “Comedy”. The derivation: murus-muraghe-nuraghe is debated.”

First of all, the etymology of the name NURAGHE is very much related to the Turkish word NUR meaning “light”.  The Latin word “MURUS” meaning “wall”, when rearranged as “URMUS“, is a word that is made up from Turkish word “ÖRMÜŞ” meaning “it has been woven”, “it is a wall”.  A wall is a structure “woven” with stones – just like the Turkish rugs that are woven with woollen or other threads. In Turkish, “to build a wall” is expressed with the term “DUVAR ÖRMEK” meaning “to weave a wall”.

Although, all Nuraghe3s are madeup of walls, linguistically, the name Nuraghe and the Latin word “murus” are not related to each other.

Turkish word ÖRÜ means “that which is woven; wall”.  Turkish words  ÖR  and ÖRÜK are the same as the Sumerian city names UR and URUK which were the “woven” cities of the Sumerians.  Thus, the Turkish words  ÖR  and ÖRÜK and the Sumerian city names UR and URUK are the same words but belonging to different dialects of the ancient Turanian language of Turkish!

In Sardinia, the typical nuraghe has the shape of a truncated conical tower resembling a beehive. The structure has no foundations and stands only by virtue of the weight of its stones, which may weigh as much as several tons. Some nuraghes are more than 20 metres in height, [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuraghe].

The Sardinian Nuraghes are architectural monuments that, most likely, had multiple functions in ancient Sardinian life.

“A beehive tomb, also known as a tholos tomb (plural tholoi) (Greek:θόλος τάφοι, θόλοι τάφοι, “domed tombs”), is a burial structure characterized by its false dome created by the superposition of successively smaller rings of mudbricks or, more often, stones. The resulting structure resembles a beehive, hence the traditional English name”, [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beehive_tomb].

The construction of Nuraghes is indeed a mark of excellence in ancient architecture of human genius. Their circular design with thick stone walls tapering towards the centre all around as it rises to its desired height – provides excellent durability against time and the destructiveness of human beings.  Nuraghes show how well the ancient Sardinians were trained in schools for building stone structures.  They were truly large and small “stone castles”.  A “CASTLE” is defined as “a large building or group of buildings fortified against attack with thick walls, battlements, towers, and in many cases a moat.”  The name CASTLE, rearranged as “TS-CALE”, is the anagammatized form of the Turkish expression “TAŞ KALE” meaning “stone castle”. So even this so-called  “Aryan” word is made up from Turkish by way of altering and restructuring.  This “castle” structure is clearly visible in the buildup of the ancient Sardinian Nuraghes and Su Nuraxi.  Even the so-called Greek saying θόλος τάφοι, θόλοι τάφοι, “domed tombs”  is fabricated from Turkish as follows:

The Greek term “THOLOS TAPHOI”, rearranged as “OLO-TSH THPA-OI”, (where the symbol H is a multi-faced letter that can be an H, or an E or an I – as required by the Greek “wordsmith” who fabricated words from Turkish), is the altered, restructured, stolen and Hellenized form of the Turkish expression “ULU TaŞ TEPE ÖY” meaning “large stone made ‘hill’ like house”.  The Sardinian NURAGHES are exactly within this definition in Turkish.  This definition in Turkish of the so-called Hellenic term indicates that Turkish was the universally spoken language when Greeks were fabricating “Aryan words” by breaking and rearranging Turkish words and phrases. Although they stole the ancient Turkish language to make “Greek” words, they also, and probably unknowingly, put the ancient Turkish words and phrases into a “deep freeze” so that they could later be recovered from these “Greek” words – by deciphering them as I have been doing!  I want to note that while the “domed tombs” saying may apply to the Etruscan “circular and domed tombs”, in the case of the Sardinian Suraghes, this meaning is not applicable because the Sardinian Suraghes are multi-functioned ancient Turanian structures built to stand the test of time over thousands of years.  They are ingenious engineering marvels built by the ancient Turanian engineers!

Turkish word ULU means “great”, TAŞ means “stone”, TEPE means “hill, head”, ÖY means “house, home”.

Figure 4. Nuraghe Barumini. The circular seat (Turkish SEKI) gives the impression

In the following reference citing, we learn that the Nuraghes are described by the Sardinian term “SU NURAXI” which is also the name of a particular ancient cdıty site in Sardinia:

http://www.charmingsardinia.com/sardinia/su-nuraxi.html

“The archaeological site “Su Nuraxi” (Sardinian term for “The Nuraghe”) lies at the foot of the Parco della Giara, near Barumini. Nuraghes are the main type of megalithic edifice found in Sardinia, and the use of these beehive-like buildings still remains unknown. Most archaeologists assume they were used as religious temples, meeting halls, or military strongholds.”

This reference citing tells us that the presently used term NURAGHE is actually an altered and Anglicized form of the Sardinian name “SU NURAXI”. The bogus letter X in NURAXI is a replacement for GH or KH letter combinations.  Thus, we can view the name SU NURAXI  as “SU NURAGHI” or “SU NURAKHI”.  Clearly, this form of the Sardinian name has been transliterated as “THE NURAGHE”.  And hence it has been further alienated from its original Sardinan form. This observation is very important for our analysis of the name SU NURAXI as well as the name NURAGHES in general.

Figure 1. A Sardinian NuragheFirst of all, the name SU NURAGHE is a signature name of the ancient Turanian Sea Peoples of Sardinia. This we see as follows:The name SU NURAGHE, rearranged as "SUGU-HAN-ER", is a restructured form of the Turkish expression "SUCU-HAN ER" (SAKA-HAN ER, DENIZ HAN ER) meaning "Water-Lord man" or "Sea-Lord Man", that is, "Lord Sea People". Thus, the name SU NURAGHE identifies these ancient Sea People who built these amazing structures of the ancient Sardinia with the ancient Turanian SUCU-HAN (i.e., SAKA-HAN, DENİZ-HAN) Turks. By another saying, they were the SAKA TURKS or the so-called PELASGIANS!Figure 2. Inside view of an open ended Nuraghi which is very much like the "PANTHEON" building in Rome - which is also from the ancient so-called "Pagan" civilization. It is an emulation of the sky-dome where the opening at the top represents the sun shining in the sky. The opening at the top of the Pantheon building is called "OCULUS" in Latin. But "OCULUS" rearranged as "ULU-COS" is from Turkish "ULU GÖZ" meaning "Great Eye" - which refers to the Sun and also to the "human eye" at the "Head of man".

Turkish word SUCU (SAKA) means “people who deal with water related works”, HAN means “lord”, ER means “man”, DENİZ means “sea”. The name DENİZ HANwas the name of one of the six sons of Oguz Kagan, that is, one of the ancestor name of Tur/Turk/Oguz peoples.

***

The name SU NURAGHE is a complex name that represents many attributes related to these ancient Sardinian structures.  These so-called  “bee-hive” like Nuraghes, in one sense (concept), are just like the Turkish YURTS in Central Asia, [http://polatkaya.net/Yurt.html], which are also made up as one circular room dwelling.  While YURT is a portable dwelling, Su Nuraghe is a permanent structure made in the form of a hill (tepe, baş), but made of stone. Most of the Sardinian Nuraghes are in TEPE  (hill; head) form! When one searches in Google under “Nuraghe images”, we get pictures of many Nuraghes.  Below are some examples of them.

I use below the Sardinian form SU NURAGHE meaning “the Nuraghe” to decipher some of the meanings in Turkish inherent in this name. These meanings are relevant to some likely functions that the Su Nurahes could have been designed for.

Possible Functions of SU NURAGHES:

a)    The name SU NURAGHE, rearranged as “SURAGHEN-U”, is a form of the Turkish expression “SURAĞIEN O” (SURAHİLER) meaning “water-bottles”. This defnition in Turkish refers to the SU NURAGHE (NURAGHES) as structures that are likened to “water bottles” and hence, indicating that possibly that they had a water related function in the water system of ancient Sardinia.

Turkish word SU means “water” and SURAHİ means “water-bottle”.  These correspondences cannot be due to coincidence!

b)    The name SU NURAGHE, rearranged as “SU-NUR-AGHE”, is a form of the Turkish expression “SU-NUR AĞI” meaning “water – light web”,  water-light network”. This defnition in Turkish refers to Su Nuraghes as being part of a “water” related and also “light” related network. These are two functions that some of the Su Nuraghes could have been used for.

Turkish word NUR means “light” and AĞ means “web, network”.

c)    The name SU NURAGHE, rearranged as “HAGNUR-SUE”, is a form of the Turkish expression  “YAĞMUR SUYU” meaning “rain water”. Again this definition in Turkish refers to the Su Nuraghes as having a functıon related to “rain water” possibly with the collection of rain water.

In the context of “a water network”, some 7,000  Su Nuraghes of Sardinia all over the country could constitute a Sardinia-wide water network that could collect and bring water to houses.

Similarly, in the context of “the light web, the light network”, some 7,000  Su Nuraghes of Sardinia all over the country could constitute a Sardinia-wide communication network that could use light as a means of communication.  Day time sun rays could be manipulated by means of mirrors or some other reflectors, and at night time torches could be used to signal from tower to tower.

Su Nuraghe could be part of a tower-to-tower communication network using light very similar to present day wireless microwave communication towers!  They
could also be weather observing towers – where from the open end of the tower, the movements of clouds , their speed and direction could be told fairly accurately. This would give information about the winds which was very important for the sea going peoples. Thus, they could determine the more favourable times to sail – and where to sail.

The fact that the nuraghes of Sardinia were visible to each other also supports the view that they could be used as communication towers  for passing coded messages from tower to tower. The message transmission could be either with light or with some other means. After all they were the Sea People, and when they were at sea, they would need some kind of communication between the boats of a fleet also.  The fact that the towers are called SU NURAGHE which uses the Turkish term NUR meaning “light” implies that light could be used as means of communication between the towers.

Additionally, Nuraghes could be used as observation towers.

d)    The name SU NURAGHE, rearranged as “AGN-SU-UERH”, where U, V and Y are replaceble wıth each other, is a form of the Turkish expression “AKAN SU YERI” meaning “place of running water”, “place of dripping water”.  This definition in Turkish implies that at least some Nuraghes had something to do with running water systems.   The reference above states the presence of the ancient water supplying system, with its big underground ducts.  The SU NURAGHES are stone towers that could be used to condense water from hot humid air, from morning misty air as there would always be a temperature difference between the stones of the Nuraghes and the surrounding air.  Similarly, the rain water falling on the Nuraghes could be collected in the bottom center of the nuraghe from which a conduit would carry the distilled water to a nearby water collection point.

The Turkish term “AKAN SU” means not only the “running (flowing) water” in conduits, channels or rivers, but also the “dripping water” from the ceiling.  The Nuraghes are made with heavy stones interlaced on top of each other.  This would leave a lot of space between the stones through which some air movement (draft) would occur.  Additionally, since some nuraghes were built like chimneys with their upper end being open, there would be an updraft as well. Open holes on the walls of the Nuraghe towers could draw in the surrounding air and let it out through the chimney, the moisture of the air would condense and the water from the stones could drip to a central point at the bottom.  Thus the system could possibly be a continuous water condensing system from the air.  So, although this description may be adventurous thinking on my part, it certainly is a possibility in the hands of a “group of Sea People” who studied all aspects of water in their natural environment.

e)    The name SU NURAGHE, rearranged as “ARH-GN-SU-UE”, is a form of the Turkish expression “ARI aKaN SU ÖYI” meaning “house of clean running water”. This definition in Turkish implies some function involving purified running water.

Turkish word ARI means “pure, clean”, AKAN means “flowing, dripping”, SU means “water”, ÖY (EV) means “house, home”.

f)     The name SU NURAGHE, rearranged as “SU-GEHAN-UR”,  is a form of the Turkish expression “SU ÇIKAN YeR” (GÖZE, KAYNAK, PINAR, BULAK, KUYU) meaning “place where water comes out of the ground”.  This again implies that Su Nuraghes were water related places.

Turkish word ÇIKAN means “things that appear”, YER means “place”, GÖZE means “water spring”, KAYNAK means “water spring”, BULAK means “water spring”, PINAR means “fountain”, KUYU “water well”.

g)    The name SU NURAGHE, rearranged as “GAUNR-SU-EH”, is a form of the Turkish expression means “GAYNaR SU Evi” (GÖZE) meaning “boiling water house”, “bubbling hot water house”, “bubbling hot water spring”. This definition in Turkish implies some function for Su Nuraghe involving generating “hot water” probably from “hot water springs” from the ground or by means of “sun” energy.  These “SU NURAGHE” houses (or stations) could act like a relaying stations for hot or cold water to be transported from place to place and finally to houses in villages.

Turkish word GAYNAR means “hot; hot water; hot water from ground”, SU means “water”.

This function of “SU NURAGHE” is feasible due to the fact that Sardinia is known for its hot waters springs bubbling out of the ground at 40 to 68 degrees C.  Ancient Sardinians being the “water peoples” could have utilized their knowledge of “SU NURAGHES” to utilize these hot spring waters throughout the country by means of a Su Nuraghe network using thousands of Su Nuraghes. In this context, see the online internet site information at url

http://www.tripadvisor.com/ShowTopic-g187879-i466-k3593821-Natural_Hot_Springs-Sardinia.html

“The San Saturnine hot springs in Bennett in the centre of Sardinia have been relaxing and curing folk for a thousand years or more; in Roman times they were known as Aquae Lesitanae. The sulphurous waters, bubble out at 40 degrees C and are used to treat of different ailments, as well as for beauty enhancement [apparently].

Another ancient Roman spa at Fordongianus sits around a big rectangular swimming area and is both visually and historically interesting, with water at 54°C spouting from a lion’s head, many Roman relics around and a sophisticated water delivery system.

The baths of Santa Maria Is Aquas, located a few kilometres from Sardara town, have two spa resorts equipped with large pools offering beauty and therapy programmes, even in winter.

The alkaline thermal waters that pour from five springs at a temperature ranging from 50 to 68C were visited even back in the Bronze Age, as well as by Phoenicians and Romans. The present baths were built in the 19th century. ”

h)    The so-called Latin name AQUAE LESITANAE, rearranged as “AQAN-ELE-SU-AEITA”, is the altered and anagrammatized form of the Turkish expression “AKAN ILI SU ÖyITI”  meaning “it is running warm water house”.

Again this Turkish definition inherent in the Latin name AQUAE LESITANAE, is very much in line with its function as defined in the above given citing.  We also note that the Romanized term AQUAE, meaning “water”, gets it meaning from the Turkish word “SU” but in a totally confused way.

Alternatively,  the so-called Latin name AQUAE LESITANAE, rearranged as “UAA-ELEQ-ISETAN”, is the altered and anagrammatized form of the Turkish expression “ÖYÜ ILIK ISITAN”  meaning “that which pleasantly warms the house”.

Turkish word ILI (ILIK) means “warm, with medium heat”, ISITAN means “that which warms up”, ÖYÜ means “the house”.

Let us see another similar “Latin” word. The Latin words “aquator” or “aquatoris” mean “water-carrier/bearer”, “one who fetches water”.

i)    This Latin word AQUATORIS, rearranged letter-by-letter as “SU-QATARI-O”, is the anagrammatized form of the Turkish expression “SU GETIRI O” meaning “it brings water”, “it fethches water”, “it is water carrier”.  So, this “Indo-European” word is nothing but an altered, restructured and Romanized Turkish expression, just like all of the other so-called “Indo-European” languages which have anagrammatized their words from the mother/father language of Turkish.

Turkish word SU means “water”, “GETIR” means “bring”, “GETIRI” means “he/she/it who brings”, O means “he/she/it”.

j)    The name SU NURAGHE, rearranged as “GAR-SU-HUNE”, is a form of the Turkish expression “GAR SU HUNİ” meaning “the collector of snow water”. This definition in Turkish implies a function of the Su Nuraghe involving “gathering the snow water” – which is a possibility.

***

SUN and Sky related meanings and functions:

k)    The name SU NURAGHE, rearranged as “GUNESH-UAR”, is a form of the Turkish expression “GÜNEŞ YERİ” (GÜN IŞI YERİ) meaning “place of sun light”. This defnition in Turkish, in one concept, seems to refer to the Nuraghes as a symbol of the sun and the sunlight.  The builders of these monuments were themselves “sun worshipping” people. Similar to this, the so-called “obelisks” of ancient Masar (Misir, “Egypt”) were also a symbol of the Sun God Ra.

l)    The name SU NURAGHE, rearranged as “GUN-ESH-UAR”, is a form of the Turkish expression “GÜN ISI YERi” meaning “place of sun’s heat”. This definition in Turkish implies that the heat of the sun is being collected at Su Nuraghes probably to heat water over a network of thousands of Su Nuraghes throughout the Sardinian country.  The black stones of the Su Nuraghes would absorb the heat of the  sun and retain it for a long time after the sun went down – while reheating  the water that was being transfered from place to place through underground conduits.

Alternatively, it is a form of the Turkish expression “GÜN IŞI YERI) meaning “place of sunlight”. This definition in Turkish implies some function involving “sunlight”. Heat of sunlight can be absorbed not only by the stones of the Su Nuraghe buildings but sunlight can also come into the Su Nuraghe through the built in chimney, that is, a large opening at the top.

It must also be noted that the single Su Nuraghe is a “Pantheon” like construction having a “dome” with an “Oculus” at the top and with an entrance. The Latin term “OCULUS” is a word that has been fabricated from Turkish expression “ULU GÖZ” meaning “great eye”.  The “OCULUS“, that is, the “ULUGÖZ”, is a symbol of the sun in the sky-dome and of the sunlight that comes in through that opening (i.e., the sun) in the dome and which lights up the inside of the dome (i.e., the earth). In this case, it is the sunlight coming through the opening at the top (TEPE) of the Su Nuraghe.  The Pantheon personifies the sky dome and the sun shining through it and lighting up the earth. In ancient Sardinian villages, even the houses were made cicular – probably with an opening at the top of the building. These remind us of the Turanian “YURTS” in Central Asia – which are also one-room circular houses with a central opening in its dome.

DONE UP TO HERE Dec 4, 2011

m)    The name SU NURAGHE, rearranged as “GUN-SURAHE”, is a form of the Turkish expression “ GÜN SÜRAHI” meaning “sun water-bottle”.   Turkish word SÜRAHI means “water bottle”(a water holding decanter).  A “Su Nuraghi” building by way of its shape resembles a Turkish “sürahi”. Again this definition in Turkish implies a function of the Su Nuraghe being related to capturing the heat and/or the light of the “sun” and storing it for heating in a system of “running water”.

It seems that a “Su Nuraghi” shaped house, with such thick stone walls, in ancient Sardinia, would be rather a warm house in winters and a cool house in the hot summers of this Mediterranean island.

n)    The name SU NURAGHE, rearranged as “ESHU-GURAN”, is a form of the Turkish expression “IŞU GÖREN” meaning “that which sees light”. This definition in Turkish refers to the Su Nuraghe as being a structure that can be used to observe “light”, such as, observing the sky, stars, the sun and even communication signalling between the Su Nuraghes.

This also implies that the Nuraghes were used in an observation service. That service could be the observation of the “sky” during day time as well as night.  The Nuraghes seem to have an opening at the top of each tower (BETILE) see Figure 1. The inside appearance of this Nuraghe reminds me of the sky observatories of Central Asia, particularly, the one of Ulug Bey Observatory.

If we imagine Figure 2 above, being on top of Figure 4 and constituting a complete Su Nurage in its original form, the construction could resemble an astronomical observation tower.  The opening at the top would pass in front of a band of the sky as the earth turns around itself. Some kind of image collecting and displaying means could display into the bowl-like object in the bottom middle and this would enable those who sit around it to observe parts of the sky in a dark chamber during the night.  Even in the day time, they could oberve the clouds passing by for meteorology purposes.  Many of these being scattered around the country could make up a network of observation towers (Nuraghes) which has embedded in it the Turkish expressiom “NUR AGI” meaning “light network” or “IŞI GUREN” meaning “that which sees light”.  These embedded Turkish sayings could be an indication of one of the many functions of this Nuraghe network.

Even the name SU NURAGHE, rearranged as “ANU-GURESH”, is from the Turkish expression “ANU GÖRÜŞ” (GÖKÜ GÖRÜŞ) meaning “seeing the sky; an observatory; a watch tower”.  This implies that at least some of these Nuraghes were used as Sky observatories in studying the heavens.  Turkish word AN (GÖK) means “sky”, ANI (ANU, GÖKÜ) means “the sky; the sky-God (as in Sumerian ANU),  GÖR means “see”, GÖRÜŞ means “seeing”.

***

o)    The name SU NURAGHE, rearranged as “GUA-SU-ERHN”, or “GUU-SA-ERHN” is a form of the Turkish expression “GUyU SU yEREN” (KUYU SU YERLERI) meaning “well-water places”. This definition in Turkish implies a function of being protected “well” sites for underground waters.  In fact we see this function in the Sardinian “SU TEMPIESU” constructions also.  This I will analyze separately in Part-4 of this study.

p)    The name SU NURAGHE, rearranged as “SENUR-AGHU”, is a form of the Turkish expression “SINUR AĞI” (SINIR AĞI, SINIR ARA DIREKLERI) meaning “border web”,  “border markers”, “boundary markers”. This definition in Turkish reminds us of the so-called “KUDURRU” border stones by the ancient Turanian KASSITES  in the Middle East. Possibly, some of the Nuraghes could have been used as boundary markers as well between the city states of ancient Sardinia- as there are so many of them.

***

FIRE related meanings:

r)    The name SU NURAGHE, rearranged as  “NAR-USHEGU”, is a form of the Turkish expression “NAR OCAGI” (ATAŞ OCAGI) meaning “glowing fire hearth”.  This definition implies that at least some of these Su Nuraghes may have been used as a “fire hearth” for metal smelting.

Even the name SU NURAGHE, rearranged as “GUR-HANESU”, is from the Turkish expression “KOR HANESİ” (KOR EVİ, ATAŞ EVİ, FIRIN) meaning “house of fire, furnace”.  This also implies that some strong fire was used at least in some of these Nuraghe sites.  Turkish word KOR means “glowing fire”, HANE (HAN) means “house, place; palace”,  HANESİ  means “the house, the place; the palace”.

This is also verified when we decipher the name NURAGHE in the form of “NAR-UGHE”, we find that it is from the Turkish expression “NAR ÖYÜ” (KOR EVİ, ATAŞ EVİ, FIRIN) meaning “house of glowing fire, furnace”.  Turkish word NAR means “glowing fire; pomegranate”, ÖY (EV) means “house, home; a place to stay”.

Ancient Turanians were metallurgists and therefore they were known as “DEMIRGI” meaning “blacksmith”.   See my paper at url

http://tech.groups.yahoo.com/group/Polat_Kaya/message/310

“Prof. Kitto, while writing about the country life of “ancient Greece”, writes:

Of specialized trades we hear of only two, the trades of the smith and the potter.  These were “DEMIOURGOI“, ‘men who work for the populace’, not themselves consuming the product of their own toil.  The demiourgos is the craftsman: in Plato, the Creator: hence Demirurge in Shelley’s Prometheus Unbound.  It is interesting to notice that these two are the only crafts which, in Greek, have divine exponents.  Hephaestus (Vulcan) the smith, and Prometheus, also a fire-god, but in Attic cult the god of the potters.” [Kitto, p. 40-41].

And also see my paper at url http://tech.groups.yahoo.com/group/Polat_Kaya/message/535.

So it is very probable that the ancient Sardinans used some of these Nuraghes as metal smelting hearths!

School Related meanings:

s)    The name SU NURAGHE, rearranged as  “NUR-USHAGE”, is a form of the Turkish expression “NUR OCAGI” (BILGI OCAGI) meaning “hearth of enlightening”, “house of learning”.  This definition implies that at least some of these Su Nuraghes were part of a learning system.  For example, if a Nuraghe was used as a metal smelting furnace, then that Nuraghe would also be an excellent place for on the job learning for smelting apprentices.

***

From all of these explanations, I fınd that the name SU NURAGHE, is first of all a signature name that identifies the ancient Sea people of Sardinia with the Turanian SAKA Turks who were also named as Pelasgians (‘Pelasgoi’ by Greeks) in Ancient times. Additionally, the different decipherments of the name “Su Nuraghe” provide for us meanings in Turkish that are descriptive of the possible functions of these very well engineered structures of the ancient Sardinians. It appears that they were structures with multi-purpose functions as I defined them above.  These various possible functions are all described in Turkish with expressions embedded in the name SU NURAGHE.

The ancient Masarians (the so-called “Egyptians”) knew the power of words and for that reason they paid extreme importance to them. We see this power of words in Turkish as we decipher the name Su Nuraghe.  This is what I tried to show in this paper. Clearly, words have information storage capacity in Turkish related to the people to whom they belong and to the functions that the words are designed to represent.  These stored meanings in Turkish are kept for a long time.

With best wishes to all,

Polat Kaya

05/01/2012

Checking the index and looking for entrees on Turkey out of habit, I saw there was a reference to Ataturk on page 331, but not to the leader himself, but to his photograph in the prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdogan’s Office, which Rice portrays as rather a dark place with heavy red curtains and surrounded by photographs of Mustafa Kemal Ataturk, also commenting, “I had a momentary sense that Turkey is indeed not quite European.” Rice also writes at the beginning of the chapter that “Recep Tayyip Erdogan was somewhat harder to read.”

Rice writes about Kemalism as a doctrine of secularism which has allowed Turkey to modernize but not to fully democratize. She also writes that the newly elected AKP (Justice and Development Party) allowed the Islamic leaders to take the reins, although insisting that they had no intention of turning Turkey into a theocracy but wanted to rebalance the society and give religious expression and religious people a place in the public square. Rice summarizes Turkish-American relations (p. 329-333), stating that Turkey was providing evidence that democracy and Islam could exist side by side.

As others have done, Rice also makes reference to Samuel Huntington, who she has gotten to know, and his book , “The Clash of Civilizations”, claiming that she read it twice. Rice writes about Huntington’s argument that “there was no such thing as universal values and that the Muslim world, among others, was an entity unto itself. That fact would eventually produce a clash, most likely violent, in which the Western principles of religious tolerance and secular politics would run headlong into political Islam. After 9/11 Sam Huntington sounded like a prophet.”

Condoleezza Rice has a lot in common with Henry A. Kissinger, whose advice she has sought, who has also written many books, including his memoires, “Years of Upheaval”. Now, like Kissinger, Rice has written a memoir drenched in details of the daily work of diplomacy, full of photographs with the world leaders, including one with Libyan leader Muammer Qaddafi, killed during the recent action against Libya, except none with a Turkish leader.

Condoleezza Rice served as the Secretary of State from 2001 to 2008. He was picked by President Bush, who has also written his memoirs, “The Decision Points.” Interestingly Bush memoirs opens with the chapter on his drinking habits. Other cabinet members have also written their memoirs:  Vice President Dick Cheney, Secretary of Defense Don Rumsfeld and Colin Powell, first serving as the Chairman of Joint Chiefs. Colin Powell’s book, “My American Journey” opens with several pages of photographs, starting with his modest beginnings in Jamaica. This is the team that launched the war against Iraq and Afghanistan and witnessed the 9/11 attack that changed the course of history and the view of Islam in the West, as Rice writes in her memoirs.

A very interesting book to read, all 766 pages, which includes a partial list of sources for the book.

Yuksel Oktay, 10 January 2011

Steve Jobs

Reading biographies of famous people and world leaders is always fun and educational, especially during dreary winter days. The libraries are full of them, from Attila the Hun to Stalin, from Truman to Ataturk, the greatest leader of the 20^th century, although Time dropped him from its list of “Important Persons of the 20^th Century” in 1999.

The biography of Steve Jobs by a former editor of Time, Walter Isaacson, is a masterpiece that makes a reader to “Think Differently”, using one of Jobs quotes, about the lives of geniuses, the creation of companies, friendship and the life itself and death. One of the comments in the 630 page book is about a servant who follows a victorious general paraded through the streets of Rome with a job to repeat to him, “Memento mori?- Remember you will die”, (P.461.) According to Isaacson, Steve Jobs always remembered that one day he would die. After he was diagnosed for cancer in 2000, he died in October 2011.

Like millions around the world, I have always been fascinated with the computers every time I sit in front of one, be it at work, libraries or home. What an incredible device, I tell myself, and wonder how it all works. I never owned an Apple computer or any of the Apple products, iMac computers, iPods, iPhones or the iPads sold at the Apple stores, including the magnificent store in Manhattan that Steve Jobs himself designed. However, I followed the developments in the computer industry like everyone else and the lives of many pioneers who ushered the computer age and the life of Steve Jobs, the genius who changed the world. I was surprised that Steve Jobs was not picked as the “Person of the Year” in 1984, when he first introduced the Macintosh computer, instead giving that honor to Computers, although Steve fancied that he would be picked, as told in the book. Perhaps, to make up for this, Time has issued a 96 page special “Commemorative Issue” in December 2011 that chronicles the life of Steve Jobs, including a section which shows that he was on the cover of Time 8 times but never as the Person of the Year.

Steve Jobs was born in 1955 in California to an American student who was dating a graduate student from Syria, Abdullahfattah Jandali, a moslem. Since they were not married and both were still in school, they decided to give Steve for adoption. A wonderful couple took Steve and raised him as if their own and convinced Steve to attend college with the fund that they had established for his education. He attended Reed College but dropped after a semester. Steve’s adopted father was Paul Jobs and mother was Clara, the daughter of Louis Hagopian, an Armenian born in Malatya in 1894 and Victoria Artinian, born in Izmir in 1894, who immigrated to the States following the 1915 Armenian re-location, according to an article in a newspaper but not mentioned in the book. Steve was traumatized by the fact that he was an adopted child and felt abandoned all his life. He met his biological mother many years later and visited her many times but never met his biological father, not forgiving him for abandoning him, although he did the same thing when he initially abandoned his daughter Lisa born out of wedlock, although in later years he bought a house for Lisa’s mother and visited her many times. Steve also had a sister, Mona Simpson, who became a writer and wrote several novels that also tell her brother’s story, such as, Anywhere but Here, and The Lost father. Mona meets their father but does not tell him that Steve is his son.

The book is not only on the life of Steve Jobs and the products that Apple invented between 1977 – 2010, and how they were introduced to the public with grandiose events. Steve had a wide circle of friends that included President Clinton, Bono, Joan Baez, and working relations with the CEOs of major companies in the Computer industry. There are many episodes in the book that tell about his dealings with Bill Gates, the founder of Microsoft, the second richest man in the US, who has also revolutionized the computer industry. The book mentions that Steve Jobs noted after iPad launch in January 2010 that President Obama never called although he did get one congratulatory call that day from his chief of staff, Rahm Emanuel. During one of Obama visits to the Silicon Valley, Steve Jobs spoke with him and even offered suggestions on how to improve the economy. He is also noted in the book statimg that Obama might  be a one term President.

The book also has many revelations on how some companies in the US work and whether the CEO or the Board has the ultimate control of the company, in Apple case, certainly the CEO, although he was fired by the Board and brought back after 12 years. Many prominent politicians, CEOs of many companies were on the “Board of Directors of Apple and Pixar”, the two companies founded by Jobs, which he served as the CEO simultaneously, even wondering if it was legal, since there were none others like this. Steve Jobs became the greatest business executive of the era, history probably placing him right next to Edison and Ford, and made Apple into the richest company on earth.

The book includes a section with many photographs, including several from his trips to Japan, Greece, Hawaii and many other places. The book also mentions a visit to Istanbul with his family during a trip that Steve Jobs took to Turkey in 2006 after being diagnosed for cancer, probably at Bill Gates’s advice who has vacationed in Turkey several times. A tour guide who arranged Steve Jobs’ Blue Voyage trip wrote recently about this trip, including Steve’s remarks about the Armenian issue. One of Steve’s best friends who worked for him was a brilliant engineer named Avadis Tevanian, an Armenian-American who must have told Steve about the Armenian tragedy and the events in 1915, most likely one sided, since not very many Armenians admit that certain Armenian groups revolted in eastern Anatolia before, during and after the First World War to create a state of their own on lands where they were never the majority. Evidently, Steve did not give the tour guide the iPhone that he had promised at the beginning of the trip and even did not shake her hand when they parted after the guide told some facts about the Armenian issue to set the record straight. However, these are not mentioned in the book.

Below is what Steve told Isaacson about his visit to a Turkish bath in Istanbul where a hired history professor took his family:

“I had a real revelation. We were all in robes, and they made some Turkish coffee for us. The professor explained how the coffee was made very different from anywhere else, and I realized, “So fucking what?” Which kids in Turkey give a shit about Turkish coffee? All day I hadked at young people in Istanbul. They were all drinking what every other kid in the world drinks, and they were wearing clothes that look like they were bought at the Gap, and they are all using cell phones. They were like kids everywhere else. It hit me that, for young people, this whole world is the same now. When we are making products, there is no such thing as a Turkish phone, or a music player that young people in Turkey would want that’s different from one young people elsewhere would want. We are just one world now (P. 528)”.

It is interesting that Mark Twain did not like the Turkish coffee either that he had during his visit to Istanbul more than 100 years ago, as he told in his book on his travels to Europe.

Coming back to the book and its author, I believe Isaacson is a great biographer and has made up for Time’s neglect by writing an honest book about Steve Jobs and the computer industry. I would like to make a modest proposal to Walter Isaacson that he should now write a biography of “Mustafa Kemal Ataturk”, to make up for Time’s neglect of the greatest leader of the 20^th century, since he was a Managing Editor at Time magazine. Many biographies have been written on Ataturk, including the most famous ones by Lord Kinros and Andrew Mango, both British, but it is time that an American tell the real story of Ataturk from an American’s perspective, including Mustafa Kemal Pasha’s meeting with General Hubbard during the “Turkish War of Liberation”, the untruthful stories told by the US Ambassador Henry Morgenthau and the reasons for it and why the US has not recognized the 1923 Treaty of Lausanne that established the boundaries of the “Republic of Turkey.” The Americans need to know the truth about Mustafa Kemal Ataturk as they now know about Steve Jobs. Thank you for the wonderful book and best wishes for a Happy New Year.

Yuksel Oktay, January 2, 2012, New Jersey